Burnout and resilience of internal medicine physician trainees in a tertiary government hospital in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Mixed-method study

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objectives:</strong> Internal Medicine physician trainees faced unique challenges as the primary frontline physicians at a tertiary COVID-19 government referral center during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined the prevalence of burnout and resilience of these physician trainees during the early period of the pandemic, the determinants of burnout, and their sources of anxiety and coping mechanisms.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods:</strong> Using a mixed-methods approach, we conducted an online cross-sectional survey to measure burnout and resilience among 196 Internal Medicine physician trainees using the Maslach Burnout Index Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel and the Connor-Davidson Resiliency questionnaires, respectively. We then conducted virtual focus group discussions and in-depth key informant interviews to explore the trainees' sources of anxiety and coping mechanisms until thematic saturation was satisfied.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 146 respondents (from 196 eligible participants, 74% response rate), four percent of physician trainees fit the frank burnout profile, 40% were engaged, while the majority had intermediate profiles (23% ineffective, 28% overextended, and 4% disengaged). The mean resilience score was 72.9 (SD 12.4). Resilience was a significant negative predictor for burnout (Beta Coefficient = -0.73, p<0.001). Its protective effect decreases in those with more exposure to patient deaths (Beta Coefficient = 6.767, p<0.05). Significant sources of anxiety included changes in the practice of medicine (changes in workflow, working in full personal protective equipment, telemedicine and zoom fatigue, constant threat of acquiring the infection) and having competing demands between service and training. Coping mechanisms included preserving a haven, maintaining social relationships, and self-care.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In the largest government hospital in the Philippines, four percent of Internal Medicine physician trainees had burnout, 40% were engaged, and the majority were at-risk for burnout a few months into the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Resilience reduces the risk for burnout. However, its protective effect decreased with exposure to a higher number of patient deaths per week.</p>

Use of systemic lidocaine for postoperative acute pain management in single-lung transplantation: Case report / Lidocaína sistêmica para el tratamiento del dolor agudo posoperatorio en trasplante unipulmonar. Reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction: Lung transplantation is associated with severe pain, which can delay recovery. Systemic lidocaine has useful analgesic properties for managing acute pain; however, little is known on its use after lung transplantation. Due to pharmacological alterations during the postoperative period, the use of analgesics implies a demanding process to avoid toxicity, so lidocaine may play a role in this scenario. In this sense, the purpose of this case report is to present the use of systemic lidocaine as an option for acute pain management when other analgesics fail. Case presentation: The following is the case of a male patient with acute pain in the postoperative period of single-lung transplantation. Opioids and non-opioid analgesics showed limited efficacy, so systematic lidocaine was administered. Systemic administration of lidocaine was effective for pain control, functional recovery, and opioid decrease during the postoperative period. Conclusions: Systemic administration of lidocaine was a useful alternative for achieving optimal postoperative pain management in lung transplantation, since it allowed adequate analgesia and lung function recovery with decreased use of opioids. This drug may be a component of multimodal analgesia in selected patients when other options fail however, its routine use is not recommended.

Resumen Introducción. El trasplante pulmonar se asocia con dolor severo, lo que puede retrasar la recuperación del paciente. La lidocaína sistémica tiene propiedades analgésicas útiles para el manejo del dolor agudo; sin embargo, su uso después del trasplante pulmonar es poco conocido. Debido a las alteraciones farmacológicas durante el período posoperatorio, el uso de analgésicos es un proceso exigente para evitar toxicidad, por lo que la lidocaína puede tener un rol en ese contexto. En este sentido, el objetivo del presente reporte es describir el uso de lidocaína sistémica como una opción para el manejo del dolor cuando otros analgésicos han fallado. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino con dolor severo en el posoperatorio de un trasplante unipulmonar. El uso de opioides y de analgésicos no opioides mostró una eficacia limitada, por lo que se decidió aplicar lidocaína sistémica, la cual fue efectiva para el control del dolor, la recuperación funcional y la disminución de opioides durante el período posoperatorio. Conclusiones. La lidocaína sistémica fue un fármaco útil para el manejo del dolor posoperatorio del trasplante de pulmón, ya que permitió una analgesia adecuada y una recuperación funcional pulmonar con menor uso de opioides. Este fármaco puede ser parte de la analgesia multimodal en pacientes seleccionados cuando otras opciones analgésicas han fallado; sin embargo, no se recomienda su uso rutinario.

Del espectro autista a la constelación autista / From autism spectrum to autism constellation

La investigación sobre el autismo, y sobre los trastornos mentales en general, ha sido poco fructífera durante las últimas décadas, como se desprende de los escasos resultados obtenidos en comparación con los avances en otras enfermedades. Preocupa que, tras más de medio siglo de investigación basada en el Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), no se hayan encontrado marcadores biológicos que acrediten la validez de los trastornos mentales que lo configuran. Las críticas al DSM, todas ellas aplicables al autismo, se han centrado principalmente en la conceptualización categórica, en la falsa comorbilidad y en el carácter politético de los criterios diagnósticos. La falta de validez del modelo del DSM insta a un cambio en los diseños de investigación, con el fin de superar el bloqueo derivado de un paradigma que ha dejado de ser productivo. En el terreno de la práctica clínica resulta, incluso más apremiante, un cambio de mentalidad que permita: incorporar la heterogeneidad de endofenotipos que desbordan la clasificación del DSM, adoptar una perspectiva dimensional de los problemas mentales y desarrollar una interpretación alternativa de la comorbilidad Con referencia a la investigación, se proponen diseños basados en criterios de investigación por dominios (Research Domain Criteria) y en análisis multifactoriales con muestras muy grandes (big data). Por lo que respecta a práctica clínica se sugiere un enfoque dimensional basado en las especificidades de cada persona con autismo, lo cual desborda el patrón clínico del espectro.

Research on autism and mental disorders has been unsuccessful over the past few decades, as can be inferred from the poor results related to advances in other diseases. It is concerning that, after more than a half century of research based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), no biological markers have been found to prove the validity of the DSM mental disorders. Criticisms to DSM have been focused mainly on the categorical conceptualization, false comorbidity and the polythetic nature of diagnostic criteria. The lack of validity of the DSM model requests for a change in research designs, in order to overcome the problems derived from a paradigm that has stopped to be productive. In the field of clinical practice, it is even more pressing a change of mindset in order to incorporate the heterogeneity of endophenotypes that overflows the classification of the DSM, to adopt a dimensional perspective of mental problems and to develop an alternative interpretation for comorbidity. Related to research are suggested designs based on Domain Research Criteria and a multifactorial analysis with very large samples (big data). For clinical practice it is suggested a dimensional approach based on the specificities of each person with autism.

Extrações atípicas em ortodontia / Atypical extractions in orthodontics

Desde os primórdios da ortodontia discute-se sobre a necessidade de extrações dentárias em algumas situações ortodônticas como apinhamento, discrepância cefalométrica acentuada, entre outras. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi relatar casos de extrações atípicas em ortodontia, suas indicações, vantagens, desvantagens e prognóstico deste tipo de tratamento. Feito u minúsculo diagnóstico, extrações atípicas podem ser indicadas em casos discrepância cefalométrica acentuada e/ou discrepância de modelo negativa (≥10 mm), em casos que a discrepância de Bolton é compatível com a discrepância de modelos, quando o objetivo é solucionar o apinhamento na região em que ele ocorre ou ainda quando há dentes já comprometidos proteticamente. Quando são realizadas em incisivos inferiores, em geral, causam menor influência sobre o perfil facial uma vez que não é feita retração anterior. Além disso um único incisivo pode ser extraído ao invés de dois prés molares uma vez que não é feita retração anterior. Além disso um único incisivo pode ser extraído ao invés de dois prés molares. Nesses casos a linha média dentária maxilar fica alinhada com a linha média facial e na direção do centro da coroa do incisivo inferior, não comprometendo a estética. A função também não é prejudicada desde que caninos e molares estejam em Classe I, exista guia anterior imediata e guias funcionais, protrusiva e lateralidades, balanceadas. O prognóstico de extrações atípicas é favorável, já que a literatura reporta casos de acompanhamento a longo prazo, 10 anos.(AU)

Sustentabilidad en los servicios de salud bucal en México

La problemática de salud bucal en México se expresa como un verdadero mosaico epidemiológico, donde la satisfacción de las necesidades de salud bucal de la población está determinada por el cumplimiento de factores sociales como el acceso equitativo a los servicios de salud bucal. El enfoque del Desarrollo Humano Sustentable constituye la construcción de entornos en los cuales se manifieste la libertad de poder desplegar las capacidades u oportunidades y las más preciadas aspiraciones de los seres humanos; con esta visión se considera el análisis los factores del DHS que beneficiarán el transitar a un mayor desarrollo en las sociedades latinoamericanas.

The problem of oral health in Mexico is expressed as a true epidemiological mosaic where the satisfaction of the oral health needs of the population is determined by the fulfillment of social factors such as equitable access to oral health services. The approach of Sustainable Human Development constitutes the construction of environments in which the freedom to deploy the capabilities or opportunities and the most precious aspirations of human beings is manifested; With this vision, the analysis will consider the factors of the DHS that will benefit to move to a greater development in the Latin American societies.